List of hospital ships sunk in World War I

During the First World War, many hospital ships were attacked, both on purpose or by mistaken identity. They were sunk by either torpedo, mine or surface attack they were easy as well as tragic targets since their cargo were hundreds of wounded soldiers from the front lines.

Contents

Background

A hospital ship (HS) is designated for primary function as a medical treatment facility or hospital; most are operated by the military forces or navies of various countries around the world, as they are intended to be used in or near war zones.[1] Hospital ships were covered under the Hague Convention X of 1907.[2] Article four of the Hague Convention X outlined the restrictions for a hospital ship:

If any of the restrictions were violated, the ship could be determined as an enemy combatant and be sunk. Investigators from neutral countries like Spain were allowed to inspect hospital ships to confirm that Article Four wasn't being violated.[3]

The high command of Imperial German viewed Allied hospital ships as violating the Hague Convention and ordered its submarine forces to target them as part of their unrestricted warfare on Allied shipping.[4] Even with the inspections from neutral countries the German High command alleged that hospital ships were violating Article Four by transporting able-bodied soldiers to the battleground.[4] The biggest hospital ship sunk by either mine or torpedo in the First World War was Britannic, the sister of Olympic and the infamous Titanic. Britannic hit a mine on November 21, 1916; 30 people were killed, but the rest of the crew and passengers were able to escape.[5] The largest loss of life caused by the sinking of a hospital ship would be Llandovery Castle. The ship was hit by a torpedo from the German U-boat SM U-86 on June 27, 1918. Shortly thereafter, the submarine surfaced and gunned down most of the survivors; only 24 were rescued.[6] After the war, the captain of U-86, Lieutenant Helmut Patzig, and two of his lieutenants were charged with war crimes and arraigned for trial, but Patzig disappeared, and the two lieutenants both escaped after being convicted and sentenced to prison.[7] The Allies weren't the only ones who had their ships attacked at the beginning of the war, the German hopsital ship Ophelia was seized by British naval forces as a spy ship[8] and near the close of the war the Austrian hospital ship Baron Call was unsuccessfully attacked by torpedo on October 29, 1918.[9]

Hospital Ships sunk

Name Image Nationality Date Location of wreck Cause Lives lost Note
HMHS Anglia UK 17 November 1915 One mile east of Folkestone Gate Struck mine that had been laid by German U-boat SM UC-5 134 [10]
HMHS Asturias UK 20 March 1917 6 miles off Start Point [A 1] Torpedoed by German U-boat SM UC-66 35 [11]

[12] [13] [14]
HMHS Britannic UK 21 November 1916 Aegean sea Struck a mine laid by German U-boat SM UC-73 30 [5]
HMHS Dover Castle UK 26 May 1917 Torpedoed by German U-boat SM UC-67 7 [15]
HMHS Donegal UK 17 April 1917 19 miles south of the Dean lightship on passage Le Havre for Southampton Torpedoed by German U-boat SM UC-21 40 [16]

[17] [18] [19]
HMHS Galeka UK 28 October 1916 Struck a mine 19 [20]
HMHS Glenart Castle UK 26 February 1918 [A 2] Torpedoed by German U-boat SM UC-56 162 [21]
HMHS Gloucester Castle UK 30 March 1917 en route from Le Havre to Southampton[A 3] Torpedoed by German U-boat SM U-32 (Germany) 3 [22]
HS Koningin Regentes Netherlands 06 June 1918 21 miles East of Leman lightship Torpedoed by German U-boat SM UB-107 7 [23]

[24]
HMHS Lanfranc UK 17 April 1917 Torpedoed by German U-boat SM UB-40 40 [25]
HMHS Letitia Canada 1 August 1917 Portuguese Cove, Halifax Harbour Grounded out due to a pilot error in heavy fog 1 [26]

[27]
HMHS Llandovery Castle Canada 27 June 1918 off sourthern Ireland Torpedoed by German U-boat SM U-86 234 [6]
HS Marechiaro Italy 21 February 1916 Off Cape Laghi, Durazzo, Albania Struck a mine laid by German U-boat SM UC-12 33 [28]
HS Portugal (Португаль) Russia
(French crew, Russian medical staff)		 17 March 1916 Near Rize Province off the Turkish coast in the Black Sea Torpedoed by German U-boat SM U-33 [A 4] 90 [29]
HMHS Rewa UK 4 January 1918 13 miles off Hartland Point, UK Torpedoed by German U-boat SM U-55 4 [30]
HMHS Rohilla UK 30 October 1914 Saltwick Nab, one mile south of Whitby Struck Whitby Rock 84 [31]

[32] [33]
HMHS Salta UK 10 April 1917 near Le Havre, France Struck a mine laid by German U-boat SM UC-26 130 [34]
HS Tabora German Empire 23 March 1916 Dar es Salaam harbour, East Africa Sunk by gun fire of the English battleship HMS Vengeance and the cruiser HMS Challenger  ? [35]

[36] [37]
HS Vpered (Вперёд)[A 5] Imperial Russia 8 July 1916 In the Black Sea, between Batoum and the Rize Province off the Turkish coast Torpedoed by German U-boat U-38 [A 6] 7 [38][39][40]
HMAT Warilda Australia 3 August 1918 English Channel Torpedoed by German U-boat SM UC-49 123 [41]

Notes

  1. ^ "Asturias" was beached near Bolt Head, but the damage was so extensive that she was declared a total loss. The government then bought and salvaged her, and she became a floating ammunition hulk at Plymouth for two years.
  2. ^ Glenart Castle hit a mine between Harve & Southampton on January 3, 1917 but did not sink and was able to make it to port for repairs
  3. ^ Ship was raised, salvaged and returned to service in 1919; in the Second World War she was sunk by Michel in 1942
  4. ^ 1916 New York Times article claims that it was sunk by a Turkish sub
  5. ^ Also transcribed as Vperiode, Vperyod, or Vperiod, sometimes mistranscribed with an l instead of i
  6. ^ 1916 New York Times article claims that is was sunk by a Turkish sub

References

  1. ^ "Hospital Ships". Queen Alexandra's Royal Army Nursing Corps. 2009. http://www.qaranc.co.uk/hospitalships.php. Retrieved August 2, 2009. 
  2. ^ "Convention for the adaptation to maritime war of the principles of the Geneva Convention". Yale University. October 18, 1907. http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/hague10.asp. Retrieved August 2, 2009. 
  3. ^ R.H. Gibson, Maurice Prendergast. The German Submarine War 1914-1918 (2002 ed.). Periscope Publishing Ltd.. pp. 285, 438. ISBN 1904381081. 
  4. ^ a b Crispin Sadler and Wayne Abbott (2006). "Deep Wreck Mysteries - Red Cross Outrage" (TV Show). History Television. http://www.deepwreckmysteries.co.uk/episodes.htm. Retrieved August 2, 2009. 
  5. ^ a b "Britannic". Public Broadcasting Service. 2009. http://www.pbs.org/lostliners/britannic.html. Retrieved August 21, 2009. 
  6. ^ a b Marc Leroux (2008). "The sinking of the Canadian Hospital Ship". Canadian Great War Project. http://www.canadiangreatwarproject.com/writing/llandoveryCastle.asp. Retrieved August 21, 2009. 
  7. ^ pg 312 - R.H. Gibson, Maurice Prendergast. The German Submarine War 1914-1918 (2002 ed.). Periscope Publishing Ltd. p. 312. ISBN 1904381081. 
  8. ^ "Hold German Hospital Ship" (PDF). The New York Times. May 22, 1915. http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?_r=2&res=9807E2D91E3EE033A25751C2A9639C946496D6CF. Retrieved September 2, 2009. 
  9. ^ John Beech (2004). "AH Navy". coventry.ac.uk. http://www.stile.coventry.ac.uk/cbs/staff/beech/ahnavy/1918.htm. Retrieved September 1, 2009. 
  10. ^ "British Hospital Ship sunk, 85 lost". The New York Times. November 18, 1915. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9503E2D81239E333A2575BC1A9679D946496D6CF. Retrieved August 28, 2009. 
  11. ^ "Asturias". uboat.net. http://www.uboat.net/wwi/ships_hit/ship.html?shipID=515. Retrieved November 7, 2011. 
  12. ^ "31 ON HOSPITAL SHIP KILLED BY U-BOAT". The New York Times. Mar 27, 1917. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0A10FF3D5B12718DDDA10A94DB405B878DF1D3. Retrieved November 7, 2011. 
  13. ^ "HMHS Asturias". roll-of-honour.com. http://www.roll-of-honour.com/Ships/HMHSAsturias.html. Retrieved November 7, 2011. 
  14. ^ The war on hospital ships, with narratives of eyewitnesses, and British and German diplomatic correspondence (1918) (1918 ed.). New York and London : Harper & brothers. p. 14-15. http://www.archive.org/details/waronhospitalshi00lond.  - Call number: SRLF_UCSB:LAGE-315170
  15. ^ "HMHS Dover Castle (+1917)". wrecksite. 2009. http://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?32064. Retrieved 21 August 2009. 
  16. ^ {{cite web |date= 2011 |url = http://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?13038|title = SS Donegal (+1917) |format = |publisher = wrecksite| accessdate = November 8, 2011
  17. ^ "Donegal". uboat.net. http://uboat.net/wwi/ships_hit/1686.html. Retrieved November 8, 2011. 
  18. ^ "SS Donegal". clydesite.co.uk. http://www.clydesite.co.uk/clydebuilt/viewship.asp?id=15334. Retrieved November 8, 2011. 
  19. ^ "U-BOATS DESTROY 2 HOSPITAL SHIPS". The New York Times. April 22, 1917. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10F1FF8395F1B7A93C1AB178FD85F438185F9. Retrieved November 8, 2011. 
  20. ^ Marc Leroux (2008). "SS Galeka (+1916)". wrecksite. http://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?12561. Retrieved August 21, 2009. 
  21. ^ "Hospital Ship Sunk by a U-Boat" (PDF). The New York Times. February 28, 1918. http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9904EFD7143AEF33A2575BC2A9649C946996D6CF. Retrieved 2 August 2009. 
  22. ^ "Union Line and Castle Lines". merchantnavyofficers.com. 2009. http://www.merchantnavyofficers.com/unioncastle2.html. Retrieved 21 August 2009. 
  23. ^ "Koningin Regentes". uboat.net. http://uboat.net/wwi/ships_hit/3380.html. Retrieved November 7, 2011. 
  24. ^ "PSS Koningin Regentes (+1918)". wrecksite. 2011. http://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?70926. Retrieved November 7, 2011. 
  25. ^ "Booth Line's S.S. "Lanfranc" 2". bluestarline.org. September 25, 2005. http://www.bluestarline.org/booth/lanfranc2.html. Retrieved August 28, 2009. 
  26. ^ "Letitia - 1917". http://museum.gov.ns.ca.+2011. http://museum.gov.ns.ca/mma/wrecks/wrecks/shipwrecks.asp?ID=2818. Retrieved November 8, 2011. 
  27. ^ "SS Letitia". wrecksite. 2011. http://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?30440. Retrieved November 8, 2011. 
  28. ^ "Marechiaro". uboat.net. 2009. http://uboat.net/wwi/ships_hit/3896.html. Retrieved August 29, 2009. 
  29. ^ The War on hospital ships, from the narratives of eye-witnesses (1917) (1917 ed.). London : T. Fisher Unwin. p. 1. http://www.archive.org/details/waronhospitalshi00lond.  - Call number: SRLF_UCLA:LAGE-3563453
  30. ^ "War of the U-Boats" (PDF). The New York Times. July 28, 1918. http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?_r=1&res=980DE5D7143EE433A2575BC2A9619C946996D6CF. Retrieved August 2, 2009. 
  31. ^ "SS Rohilla (+1914)". wrecksite. 2011. http://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?1813. Retrieved November 8, 2011. 
  32. ^ "Rohilla". merchantnavyofficers.com. 2002. http://www.merchantnavyofficers.com/rohilla.html. Retrieved November 8, 2011. 
  33. ^ "HMHS Rohilla". roll-of-honour.com. 2011. http://www.roll-of-honour.com/Ships/HMHSRohilla.html. Retrieved November 8, 2011. 
  34. ^ Leroux, Marc (2008). "HMS Salta". union-castle.net. http://union-castle.net/ship_Salta_wreck_01.html. Retrieved 21 August 2009. 
  35. ^ "Kigoma (1914)". De.Wikipedia. 2011. http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kigoma_(1914)#Schwesterschiff_Tabora. Retrieved November 8, 2011.  (German)
  36. ^ "Kaiserliche Marine 1916". deutsche-schutzgebiete.de. 2000. http://www.deutsche-schutzgebiete.de/marine_1916.htm. Retrieved November 8, 2011.  (German)
  37. ^ "SS Tabora (+1914)". wrecksite. 2011. http://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?122057. Retrieved November 8, 2011. 
  38. ^ The war on hospital ships, with narratives of eyewitnesses, and British and German diplomatic correspondence (1918) (1918 ed.). New York and London : Harper & brothers. p. 11. http://www.archive.org/details/waronhospitalshi00lond.  - Call number: SRLF_UCSB:LAGE-315170
  39. ^ "Peace Movement Diverts Attention at Year's End from Battlefields to Chancelleries of Belligerents and Principal Neutral Capitals." (PDF). The New York Times. December 31, 1916. http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?_r=1&res=9900E0DC153BE633A25752C3A9649D946796D6CF. Retrieved August 24, 2009. 
  40. ^ П.Г.Усенко (P.G.Usenko), ]IСТОРIЇ ВЕЛИКОЇ ВIЙНИ 1914–1917 рр. НА ЧОРНОМУ МОРI (From the history of the Great War of the 1914-1917 on the Black Sea). Page 80. (Ukrainian)
  41. ^ "Wounded drown at night". The New York Times. Aug 6, 1918. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9F05E5DB1739E13ABC4E53DFBE668383609EDE. Retrieved 21 August 2009.